Personal Narrative Get Up, Snowflake ! - 1459 Words

Get up, Snowflake! I moaned, weakly pushed myself off the dirt ground of the arena. My everything hurts. I slowly make my way to my feet and hardly dodged another oncoming attack from Scorpion. Ever if we were friends, he was still brutal when we trained. He didn’t disagree with the monks for keeping me around, but he didn’t think I needed to be trained to fight. I don’t blame him, I’m not great. I stepped to the side fast enough to get out of the way as Scorpion tripped and fell face first in the dirt. I would have never guessed seven year-olds had the capacity to be taught some of the martial arts methods that we were supposed to be practicing. I smiled mostly pleased with myself. Scorpion came back. Throwing punches wildly. He was†¦show more content†¦I hear everyone leave as I sit up and dust myself off. And enjoying the quiet after the storm, even if I was covered in dirt. Break The worst part of being a†¦ a weapon, I guess you could say. Yes, that’s what I am. A weapon. I am a blade that can cut both ways. People I care about get hurt†¦ I’m a weapon. The worst part of it all is the training; I learned the hard way once when I was sick. Skipping even one day of training will throw you completely off, it makes every motion you do seem to lose an edge. That feeling of perfection. One day off and you lose it. You lose that feeling of perfection. Efficiently, power, strength. One day is all it takes and it goes away. I can’t afford that, Shoa-Loa told me that. He had spoken to me many times following out first encounter. He knows so many hidden techniques, so many things I didn’t know. Aikido was always one of the martial arts I had been fonder of. I also enjoyed Judo. So that was today’s practice. Aikido. I was in a gym, smaller than the court, and nicer, there were punching bag, mats, and other things that could be used in physical training. I slowly and carefully go through each motion, for some reason my mind wanders back to the past. Funny to think I was the complete worst in my class, and now†¦ I was within a year away from competing to become King of K’un-Lun. The idea had begun to grow on me. ‘Focus! Focus! Focus! Young Dragon! Please Focus!’ A loud and commanding voice floods my ears

Lao-tzu Taoism and Moral Philosophy Free Essays

Lao-tzu Believed in Tao Te Ching: The way things are The Tao is the way, law, principle. Essence, balance of nature 1. The Tao escapes precise definition 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Lao-tzu: Taoism and Moral Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tao is intangible, it’s energy 3. Tao is powerful, humans are weak 4. Radical Naturalism Tao is a force of nature not a force of spirit * Art over science art is wiser, deeper * Intuition over logic * Nature over society. Social Pessimism (Escapism) Every society is corrupted bureaucracy society restricts you gives you an artificial life 5. Structure of the Tao Yin: female slow dark night passive intuitive earth Yang: male fast bright day aggressive logical sky Yin and Yang are immortals they have a love/ have relationship each person has yin and yang 6. The wu-wei: non-action, respect to the flow of time, the art of waiting. Opposite of confusious Buddha Buddha is a spiritualist, a prince, gifted 1. Darhma (The teaching) -what is the meaning of human life? Dukkha: suffering, fight, struggle, competition – Why do we inflict upon ourselves unnecessary suffering? Tanha: egotism, selfishness, Trrisha: greed, addiction to pleasure Hudonism: seeking pleasure over pain. Seeking pleasure is a very sophisticated trap any addiction Is loss of freedom. You become a slave of your pleasure – What to do? Anatta: abstinence, restrained. No to any excessive pleasure. The art of no. – What is the goal? Anicca: liberation from addiction 2. The eight fold Noble Path: – Panna: wisdom 1. Understanding 2. Purpose – sila : conflict 3. Speech 4. Behavior Five moral rules: do not kill, steal, adultry, drugs, gossips Have consistancy in your morality, hypocracy corrupts you, don’t live a double life, fake identity Steps 1-5 are for normal people 6-8 are for monks or nuns – Samadhi: Contemplation 6. Effort you control your body, physical needs, tell body when to sleep and eat 7. houghtfulness control your emotions 8. Dhayana: deep meditation: control your mind. 3. Karma 3 types of karma * Sabija Karma: my birth karma. Born with culture in sould, reincarnation 4. Nirvana: Two kingdoms of reality Samsava: kingdom of pleasure, shallow Alaya Vijhara: The Kingdom of internal ideas, deep Nirvana: the state of et ernal spiritual bliss Protageras: He was king of sophists in athens. Sophist: pofessional teacher 1. Panton anttropas metron : man is the measure of all things 2. Subjectivism: there is no objective truth, every truth is somebody’s truth, or has its face 3. Relativism: as many people as many truths, they are all equal. Accepting diversity 4. Pragmatism: truth has to be helpful, practical, useful 5. Conventionalism: truth is what we have agreed upon (sometimes silently) Ex: cultural expectations, gender roles 6. Conformism: truth of the majority has to be respected by the minorities 7. Tolerance: The truth of the minority has to be tolerated by the majority He reminds me of president obama because his ideas reflect democratic beliefs. Socrates: 1. Choti Seanton: Know Yourself We humans are animals + Animals + psyche : ( soul) Care for your soul Soul = my self reflection We are reflective animals To reflect = to have knowledge ‘I know that I know nothing’ â€Å"a life unexamined is not worth living† 2. Epistemology (4 principles) Define the basic concepts as clear as you can, avoid misunderstandings Don’t be afraid of intellectual contradictions, diversity in opinions Socratic irony, don’t lose your sense of humor, don’t take yourself so seriously Only god knows the absolute truth, our human truth is limited Protageras: absolute truth doesn’t exist Socrates: absolute truth exits but only god knows 3. Moral Philosophy The essence of morality is to teach us arete: virtue, skills Perfect your skills, perectionism Its better to not be committed than to have a loose commitment Skills =knowledge Life-long education, ignorance is the mother of all evil 4. The idea of god God is the one, god is the absolute wisdom God is my moral vocation God is the voice of my conscience He believes in one god, god speaks to us from inside Find god through self reflection Plato Rich talented, student of socrates 1. Ontology What is the structure of reality? Being: essence deep form logical traditional moral spiritual eternal Becoming: surface, shallow, content, fashionable immoral material temporary What is the structure of being? Being consists of eidoses Eidos: spiritual form, intellectual bluepring , the law, the mold, the model Anything that exists physically has an eidos, it creates each specific physical ting Invention does not exist: discovery, before discovery eidos exists but its like a cold sun without rays The eidos of eidoses is goodness 2. Epistemelogy Levels:RealityKnowledge 1. Fake images illusions, kingdom of the stupid, wild imagination 2. Physcial things, kingdom of the everyday life, practical common sense 3. Low level idoses, kingdom of the professional, professional analytic mind 4. High eidoses, (love, justice, forgiveness) kingdom of the genius, the intellectual intuition of the genius 1 and 2 is becoming 3 and 4 is being 1 is artificial life, building a bubble around yourself 2. Practical things know how to take care of yourself 3. Professional knowledge become an expert in a subject need an analytical mind 4. Very few geniuses, best of the best, shakespeare, einstein, mozart. Have a gift from god or not, only males are geniuses, women are naturally born with common sens e and to become a genius you have to kill your common sense, every genius is a madman 3. Moral Philosophy To be moral means to have a arete: virture The fear of social change, social disorder, social chaos. Arete = not so much perfection but discipline, obedience, good organization, loyalty Plato supports closed social classes doesn’t like social mobility, caste system 4. Hates democracy. Problems are: phony promises of politicians, equal political rights for unequally educated people, excessive freedoms result is anarchy and tyranny he wants aristocratic republic Reminds me of hitler Aristotle Platos student 1. Ontology The kingdom of eidoses doesn’t exist, only nature does exist. Nature is a sum total of physical things Every physical thing consists of hyle: body, matter and telos: form Telos not so much outer form but an inner form the potential of the thing its prgram Dna ex: potential of talent God is the telos of nature when you die your telos dies god and nature coexist eternally 2. Eistemology Using observation and experimentation collect all relevant facts, using analysis, find out the laws of those facts, using logic, combine these laws into a comprehensive theory Scientific theory ^^ 3. Moral Philosophy Nicomachagu Ethics : Eudaimonia: noble destiny, fulfilling duty Sophro syhe: moderation Have good taste keep the mean, be a gentleman Fulfill your telos he believes all of us have gifts a duty to fulfill your gift, work hard we each have gifts to different degrees Don’t betray yourself (lie, cheat) Every betrayal starts as self betrayal you destroy yourself and then destroy everyone around you Honesty and integrity Obstacles: don’t underestimate them but don’t overestimate them Pleasure: not the goal of your activity but a by product Build your character its better to be always bad then unpridictable either be always bad or always bood Friendship: be a good loyal friend 4. Political Philosophy Democracy is the best regime Democracy is the power of middle class The middle class is the foundation of the healthy society How to cite Lao-tzu: Taoism and Moral Philosophy, Essay examples

Competitive advantage free essay sample

Competitive advantage(CA) is an advantage competitors gain by providing or offering customers or consumers greater value for their money through product and service differentiation or through lower prices. Maintaining competitive advantage is crucial to many businesses or organizations success in order to survive in the market. Competitive advantage is characterized by superior performance which could be an attribute to outperform the competitors whether current or potential; or gaining a higher market share in a particular industry thereby ensuring market leadership; or ultimately, maximization of profit. This essay will critically analyze how competitive advantage is created i. e. Porters 3 generic strategies: differentiation, cost leadership and focus: giving theories and practical examples. It will examine the essence of choosing a competitive strategy that best suits a business. Furthermore, the sources of CA and how to sustain it will be discussed. A company cannot just boast of providing superior performance or quality, it has to actually deliver the said quality and the customers or consumers have to be able to perceive and see it as well, which is what sets it apart from other products. This source of finance remains available despite the tightening credit conditions. Plant operations We have comprehensive power station operational experience and skills. Through-life engineering and maintenance plans, meticulously implemented, ensure maximum availability and efficiency in the operation of our plant and are key for delivering value in both our merchant and long-term contracted markets. Effective plant operations are enhanced by ensuring information is shared across the portfolio and key operational staff are rotated to different assets on a regular basis. Safe behaviour and environmental best practice are cornerstones of International Powers operations, and we share best practices across the portfolio to ensure all of our assets operate to the highest possible safety and environmental standards. Trading We operate in a number of merchant markets. We have the skills necessary to maximise our returns in these markets, with a practical focus on closely co-ordinating trading and plant operations to optimise value. For us, trading predominately means selling the physical output generated by our plants, which we call asset-backed trading. Our traders operate within strict guidelines and risk policies to ensure our traded position is carefully monitored and managed. This includes matching fuel purchases with power sales and carrying out only a very limited amount of non-asset backed trading. Where possible we will forward sell output if we consider the return is favourable, which secures earnings and cash flow. For example, a large proportion of Rugeleys 2007 output was forward sold during the high prices of 2006, ensuring good financial returns during 2007, despite market dark spreads falling during the year. Long-term power contracts expertise We have strong commercial skills to structure and negotiate long-term power and water contracts in regulated markets such as Asia and the Middle East. Under these contracts, key cost risks such as fuel and turbine maintenance are mitigated through long-term hedging and supply arrangements. Availability bonuses incentivise us to keep the plant well maintained in order to minimise the risk of forced outages. Overall, the contracts provide visibility and stability of earnings and cash generation over the long-term.

Telecommunication Industry free essay sample

In the old days, the telecom industry was viewed as an example of â€Å"natural monopoly. † This was due to increasing returns to scale, where the telecom services could only be provided efficiently by a monopoly provider. In the U. S. , this pattern started many years ago when the American Bell Telephone purchased the Western Electric Company of Chicago. Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876 and formed Bell Telephone. ATT, which is today one of the leading company in the wireless telecommunication industry, was formed in 1885 to connect the Bell Companies. In 1913, ATT agreed to become a regulated monopoly. Although their monopoly was allowed, they were required to connect competing local companies and let the Federal Communication Commission to approve their prices and policies. In January of 1982, ATT agreed to break itself into a national long-distance carrier and seven â€Å"baby bells† in order to end the long-running antitrust suit by the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Telecommunication Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. Department of Justice. The break occurred in 1984. At the time of the breakup of ATT, almost all telephone companies were monopolies and the increased growth toward competition The cost reductions have made access to the Internet affordable to the general public. However, in the wireless market, while more people are able to get new devices, companies may try to cap their data usage. For example, at Verizon, they changed their data plans from unlimited usage to capped plans. This is â€Å"partially due to rising bandwidth costs from data-hungry subscribe, making the switch to tiered plans inevitable. Network expansion is another area of the wireless sector that can lead to transactions costs. A good example is Sprint plans to expand its network from the WiMax to the LTE, which is expected to take place in 2013. All main competitors already are into the LTE network. This switch â€Å"is expected to cost Sprint $4 and $5 billion, though the investment could deliver over twice that in economic benefit to the company, if this bet pays off better than the money it put on WiMax did. † Through this example we can see how there are most than just the cost of expanding the network itself, but anything else that is involved until its completion.

Hortatory Discourse in Rhetoric

Hortatory Discourse in Rhetoric Speech or writing that urges or commands an audience to follow (or not follow) a particular course of action. It is also called hortatory rhetoric. Examples of Hortatory Speeches: I want you to get mad!I dont want you to protest. I dont want you to riot. I dont want you to write to your Congressman, because I wouldnt know what to tell you to write. I dont know what to do about the depression and the inflation and the Russians and the crime in the street.All I know is that first, youve got to get mad.Youve gotta say, Im a human being, goddammit! My life has value!So, I want you to get up now. I want all of you to get up out of your chairs. I want you to get up right now and go to the window, open it, and stick your head out and yell, Im as mad as hell, and Im not going to take this anymore!(Peter Finch as Howard Beale in Network, 1976)Please forget that we are anarchists. Forget that it is claimed that we propagated violence. Forget that something appeared in Mother Earth when I was thousands of miles away, three years ago. Forget all that, and merely consider the evidence. Have we been engaged in a conspiracy? Has that conspiracy been proven? Have we committed overt acts? Have those overt acts been proven? We for the defense say they have not been proven. And therefore your verdict must be not guilty.(Emma Goldman, address to the jury on July 9, 1917) Young America, dream. Choose the human race over the nuclear race. Bury the weapons and dont burn the people. Dreamdream of a new value system. Teachers who teach for life and not just for a livingteach because they cant help it. Dream of lawyers more concerned about justice than a judgeship. Dream of doctors more concerned about public health than personal wealth. Dream of preachers and priests who will prophesy and not just profiteer. Preach and dream!(Jesse Jackson, speech at the Democratic National Convention, July 18, 1984) Observations: Discourse as a Play: Narrative, Expository, and Hortatory[A] metaphor that has proven particularly useful in several theoretical approaches to discourse and communication . . . is summarized as discourse is a play. The idea is that a person who intends to communicate an idea is like the director of a play. The speaker has an image in mind, and uses linguistic tools to encourage some audience to create a similar image in their minds. . . . The scene may be an actual or fictional series of events occurring over time, in which case we may say that the discourse produced is narrative. Or the scene may involve a description of some concrete thing or abstract idea, in which case the speaker engages in expository discourse. Sometimes a speaker will use language to describe ways the speaker would like the audience to behave. This would be called hortatory discourse.(Thomas E. Payne, Understanding English Grammar. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011)In hortatory discourse, the composer of the discour se is especially likely to get involved with his subject matter and his audience and to urge on them a certain course of conduct by virtue of the prestige invested in this person.(Robert E. Longacre, The Grammar of Discourse, 2nd ed. Springer, 1996) Hortatory discourse can be seen as valuable in its own right. It can be seen as having a different purpose from the conveying of factual information. And the argumentation that is used to fulfill it, can be seen as legitimate in its own right, as a type of discourse distinct from information-seeking discourse.(Douglas Walton, Ethical Argumentation. Lexington Books, 2003) Pronunciation: HOR-teh-tor-ee

American Revolution or Evolution

Doesnt it enthrall one that a single word could bifurcate scholars and create factions amongst the erudite. Tort quo © (why? ) there must be a reason and there is! The answer is simple yet rational: Perspective. Albert Einstein, (the famous physicist) most remembered by his theory of relativity, concluded that distance and time were not absolute. History resides In the same niche. It Is more than a chronological account of past events of a period or a livelihood or development of a people, an institution, or a place. But what it is not is absolute. It is always left upon interpretation, scrutiny, analysis, probing and pondering. The perception or perspective gained through such rigorous processes is also subject to the base of a historian. It Is very uncommon to find historians sharing their bases of initial learning and therefore the effect of their own era, age, surroundings and upbringing must also be taken account of. A revolution, defined by Encyclopedia Britannica Is: a major. Sudden, and hence typically a violent alteration in government and in related associations and structures.On the other hand Oxford dictionary defines an evolution as: the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form. Let us decide upon the usage of the word Revolution, which one can venture out to say, could be dated from the year 1775 with Its Ignition being the battle of Lexington and Concord and culmination being the ratification of the constitution of the states In 1782. Seemingly easy doesnt It? It doesnt really respond to how fundamentally did the thoughts, ideals, ideology and mindset of a 2. 5 million inhabitants change and led to the chain of events that became known as the American Revolution.What I believe Is that no people In the course of history have ever rebelled against a certain state, condition or Ideology without a buildup of grievances, resentment or a gradual shift of attitude towards accepting a better sadomasochism. Lets go back to the early 17th century when immigrations began to take place into the New World. Herds of folks comprising of German, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Jewish descent and not to mention the French Hugeness, began pouring into the lands in order to escape from the fetters of the Old World.They did not have any more an appetite for its rituals, its citrines, Its curbing of call liberties, and mostly the cost of living In It, One can even of the aforementioned causes. So it would be appropriate to say that a 17th ce ntury Europe was in revolution. Lets go further with this theory and say that the immigrants reaching the New World were revolutionaries. Almost 1 50 years of Paxar Americana (used strictly in context with the time period and not according to current usage) so to say was enjoyed by the colonists. During this time, some changes irrevocably did take place.This is evident from the fact that the language that the sorority of the immigrants originally spoke had evolved into a different dialect. So from this we can also entrust upon the belief that alongside linguistics political and socio-economic changes did also take place. A political change that actually began with the migrations was the rise of a political ideology known as Republicanism. Technically ruled by Great Britain or more accurately looked over, the colonies practiced the policy through their town halls and city councils. Very famous examples of such republican instruments were the Virginia House of Burgesses and theMassachusetts Assembly. These were regulated by either representative or direct democracy. The symbol of democracy at the time was looked upon as the House of Commons in England, however it did seem a bit more than contradicting to have the Bucking Palace towering high in the very country. The colonists did give their allegiances to the monarch but because of the fact that it was kind of conditional. Although they did not realize it nor was it formally declared but they remained docile because they were never tampered by British legislations.They had during this time, rated their own principles, created their own system of Jurisprudence, law, Justice, methods of trade, commerce, education, agriculture etc. When after the French and Indian war, the British began actively participating in the earlier enumerated colonial components of society; it wouldve obviously been not received glad hand edly by the Colonists as it did not. Lets now examine the economic evolution that took place to ensure Americas Independence. The 150 year old period was in terms of trade and commerce coined as a period of salutary neglect.For the colonists it brought economic prosperity and industrialization. For the British it was shooting themselves in the foot. Intentional lax in order to show the appreciation for economic freedom while regulating the policy of mercantilism. Does it make any sense? One would question Robert Walpole sanity between all of this; however he is not our subject of concern. What you shall so sow so shall you reap; a very old and passed around saying isnt it? But it does make sense in the context. The British for a very long period of time followed the policy and he colonist enjoyed its benefits.Smuggling was nothing out of the blue, very common. Other European nations also benefited from it, the Colonial agriculture products such as hay, wheat, barley, maize and cotton were valued highly in foreign markets. When the British annoyed at Colonial stubbornness to pay taxes, passed the writs of assistance; there was an outrage. There had to be one, like it did, smuggling was not put up with anymore and a flow of revenue generation created as a result of foreign trade stagnated. How were the merchants to run their businesses without the redeem of trading being allowed to them as it had always been?Hence there was an outcry by the merchants who went bankrupt as a result of such legislation. Somewhere or another. The country was not at all familiar with taxes; once again it is necessary to mention that when we talk about being not being tampered for almost 150 years it is meant more than it sounds. Citizens in Britain were obliged to pay taxes, however their brethren in the New World were not. I do at times believe that absolute freedom corrupts absolutely, there should be some harnesses or bridles put n in order to let civility root in or in this case for rule to sustain.When suddenly exposed to direct taxes such as Stamp Act and Sugar Acts why would it not cause havoc with in the colonists? It would lead to acrimony towards the crown like it did, it would lead to mass protests like it did and would lead to severing of ties like it did. In the beginning I wrote about how a historical event is subject to independent interpretation. How historians may or may not agree on something because of the different elements molding the shape of the basis for their knowledge.I must confess that it is no t arbitrary and applies to myself as it does to any other individual. I believe that evolution without revolution is lame and revolution without evolution blind, very similar to what Einstein said about religion and science. One thing is for certain though, nothing is by nature revolutionary. There has to be friction to beget fire. During the 150 year period evolutionary changes in political beliefs, social policies and economic mechanisms did take place otherwise the colonists wouldve never armed themselves to teeth and hoisted the flag of revolution.

A critical review of Kosovo Is Not Serbia Assignment

A critical review of Kosovo Is Not Serbia - Assignment Example However, the author fails to explain why Kosovo people are not allowed in America. Additionally he presents a picture of Americans discriminating Kosovo people. What he fails to address is what kind of life do the American live in Kosovo. In his discussion of soap operas that are managed by women, the author fails to explain the role of men in the same films. Furthermore, the article seems to criticize the films more and provide their transformations without giving the positive aspects of the soap opera. In discussing the situation in Serbia, the author provides the current status of Serbia. The article demonstrates that The Serbian language is no longer widely spoken. The county has been taken up by English men. The article notes that with almost every Serb ethnically cleansed, there's nobody left to speak it. The author further notes that Serbia lies in ruins. There are just empty Orthodox churches turned into tourist attractions while the town abounds with pizza and burger joints with English-language menus. Serbia too faces her challenges including traffic jam. However, the author seems to be biased in the discussion of the two countries. The article speaks much better of Kosovo than Serbia. For instance, the author blames Serbia for Kosovo’s problems. The author speaks of â€Å"the war crimes committed by Serbian military forces against the Albanian population, which led to the bombings by NATO in 1999† (Tesanovic Pg. 1, 2014). He did give any instance when Kosovo did something negative or inhumane.

Economic Downturn Hits Oz clothing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Economic Downturn Hits Oz clothing - Essay Example The focus in this paper is on Oz clothing, a manufacturer of clothing in Australia that is facing serious threats to their operation in the business due a variety of internal problems and also due to the policies incorporated by the Australian government. The organization cannot withstand the competition from the foreign competitors in the market and is facing a threat for existence. The Industrial relations and the practice maintained by the organization were poor in nature and are adding up to the resistance in the process of revival. The importance of Industrial relation has been highlighted over here and efforts have been made to identify that how the success of various elements and process in the organization depends on the proper alignment to the Industrial relations. The impact of the policies of Industrial relation on the employees helps to have a clear understanding on the motivation of the employees. The employees and the laborers of the organization are a prime part and co ntribute a lot to the organizational success. The organizations should provide proper care and maintain their responsibility towards them by framing policies in line with the industrial relations. The overall problems of OZ clothing can be segregated into two factors, internal and external. The internal factors denote the set of issues which are present within the organization and prevent the organization to reach its desired goals, and the external influences are the factors outside the organization which prevents the cause of the organization. ... The primary reason for the failure of the organization can be contributed to lower productivity which has occurred due to the adoption of obsolete technologies used by the firm. As a result of the use of the obsolete technology an overall increase in the price of the products per unit is also increasing. The company is facing serious issues with the process of manufacturing. The increase in cost of the manufacturing is also associated with the high amount of labor costs. The process of effective utilization of labor is absent in the company and thus labor has emerged to be a factor of high cost for the company. The skills of the labors in the production department are also under question. The organization also faces serious issues with the line of products they deliver to the customers. The organization generally deals with underwear as their commodity product. Customers believe that their products are not original and are also not fashionable. In view of the perceptions from the cus tomers; the retailers are canceling the orders of the products. The products are also highly priced than the competitors and it is also acting as a major cause for being unpopular in the market. The product designing team of the organization has not brought any innovation in the design or the quality of the products and has failed to satisfy the needs of the customers. The absence of fashionable products in their product line has also been a major cause for the customers easily falling to the low priced products outsourced from China. The organization also has low source of capital and this further prevents them to opt for the new technologies or look after

Global warming exists Essay Example for Free

Global warming exists Essay The debate over whether global warming is a reality has received contradictory arguments from the various fronts on the global community. Opponents of the phenomenon assert that climate changes from time to time are natural occurrences. On the other side, proponents claim that the world has been experiencing trend of increase in temperatures of the earths near surface atmosphere since early twentieth century. This has particularly been attributed with the onset and increasing industrialization in the global community. Such have the implication that activities by mankind are to be blamed for the issue of climate change in the world. Given the available evidence that the world is experiencing unpredictable climate and weather patterns, global warming is no doubt a reality in the modern society. Causes of global warming According to scientific research findings, global warming is defined as the gradual increase in the temperatures of the earth’s atmosphere near the surface (Johansen, 2002). This has been closely associated with increased emission and accumulation of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Revkin, 2008). These gases are responsible for trapping heat emitted from the earth’s surface and thus increasing the atmospheric temperatures. It is worth noting that greenhouse gases are commonly a byproduct of the production process by industries. As an example to emphasis this claims, mankind activities are estimated to be producing carbon dioxide (which is the major greenhouse gas) at a rate of over 25 billion metric tons annually (Revkin, 2008). In addition, deforestation, which entails cutting down of trees by man has contributed to the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Therefore, although some natural processes such as fossil decay and volcanic eruptions can lead to greenhouse gas emission, mankind kind activities remain the main cause of global warming given the huge amounts of greenhouse gases produced by industries across the globe (Kluger, 2006). Evidence supporting the existence of global warming There are numerous evidences indicating the existence of global warming in the globe. First, the world is evidently witnessing a decline in its mountain ice and glaciers reserves (Kluger, 2006). According to available research findings, the rate Arctic shrinkage is higher than any other time in the history of mankind. Still, the world is experiencing a gradual but real rise in sea levels, a factor which is threatening the submergence of some low laying islands (Johansen, 2002). Such increases are evidently blamed for the increase in the rate of melting of mountain ice and glaciers. Global warming has been blamed for the occurrence of extreme weather conditions. Such include floods, droughts as well as heat waves, which are evident in the world today (Revkin, 2008). It is also claimed that due to global warming, expansion and evaporation of sea waters are high. Just to be appreciated is the fact that such high rates of evaporation of water into the atmosphere leads to increased rate of rain formation along the coastal regions. Such are indeed, the reason behind the frequent flooding witnessed in our coastal regions (Kluger, 2006). Therefore, since no one can refute the evidence of global warming on sea water expansion and increased flooding in the coastal regions, then global warming is a real threat to the sustainable social and economic development of the global community. The world is marked with the problem of unpredictable climate changes. As by the available statistics, the globe is witnessing a changing trend in its wind patterns (Johansen, 2002). It is worth noting that the process of wind formation is dependent on earth surface temperatures which lead to expansion of air. In addition, wind is a crucial factor in influencing the rain patterns across the globe. This is because it acts to carry water vapor from its source to other regions. Based on this reasoning, since wind and rain storms are no doubt a direct result of earth surface temperatures, then global warming must be a real phenomenon. Just to be emphasized here is the fact that such unpredictable wind patterns are responsible for the eminent failure by weather forecasting scientists in giving reliable region specific weather predictions. Therefore, the global temperature swings are responsible for the increasing formation of unpredictable weather patterns across the globe. Another proof in support that global warming is a real phenomenon is the trend of increased incidences of disease outbreaks across the globe (Johansen, 2002). True to the letter, traditionally, diseases were categorized by regions. However, due to climate changes, it is not uncommon it experience traditionally tropical diseases in other regions of the world (Johansen, 2002). According to available evidence, the human community is witnessing an increase in the number of skin cancer diseases. Such have been closely attributed to an increase in the amount of ultraviolet rays reaching the earth surface. It is worth noting here that such increases are a direct result of the evident shrinking of the ozone layer, a phenomenon that is termed as global warming. Conclusion It is clearly established that the world is increasingly witnessing an ever changing trend on its climate. Such are evident from the ever increasing mountain ice and glaciers reserves which lead to expansion of sea waters. This threatens the livelihood of those settled in the low coastal regions. The phenomenon is also blamed for unpredictable wind and rain patterns as well as increased spreading of diseases across the global. Therefore, global warming is a real phenomenon threatening the sustainable existence of the human community. References Johansen, B. (2002). The Global Warming Desk Reference. New York: Greenwood Press. Kluger, J. (2006). Global Warming Heats Up. Retrieved May 17, 2010, from http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1176980,00. html Revkin, A. (2008). A Shift in the Debate over Global Warming. Retrieved May 17, 2010, from http://www. nytimes. com/2008/04/06/weekinreview/06revkin. html

Revenge In Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

What do you consider to the main theme(s) of Hamlet? Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a complex play where many themes are intertwined – themes that are essential to the development of the play. The issue of death and disease, both physical and emotional is very prevalent throughout the duration of the play, as well as fate and divine providence. The play also questions madness and whether it can be feigned, as well as corruption and its moral implications. Of course, who could forget the famous ‘To be or not to be’ soliloquy, where Hamlet not only questions life and death, but many of life’s other uncertainties as well. Undoubtedly, the most essential theme in the development of Hamlet is revenge and question ‘Does revenge pay?’ Revenge is a frighteningly bloodthirsty emotion, which causes people to act blindly and without reason. Revenge is a theme that is cleverly built upon throughout the extent of the play; with it being the driving force behind two of the main characters in the play. The play is introduced by the appearance of the ghost of Hamlet’s father in the first scene, which automatically gives the impression that something is amiss. This is later clarified by the statement that â€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark† (Act1 Scene 4 Line 90). The ghost emerges before Hamlet and insinuates that his death was not as nocent as it may seem. The ghost urges Hamlet to â€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (Act1 Scene 5 Line25) and informs him that â€Å"The serpent that did sting thy father’s life now wears his crown â€Å"(Act1 Scene5 Line 38). This appears to indicate that Hamlet’s father’s death was actually murder, and that the deed was committed by King Hamlet’s brother, Claudius, who had now taken over as King of Denmark. The Ghost taunts Hamlet, telling him that it is part of every man’s honour to avenge his death. Hamlet then becomes a part of Denmark’s foulness and wre tchedness when he agrees to avenge his father’s death. This is the beginning of a vicious cycle of hatred, death and revenge that destroys many lives. Soon after Claudius marries Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude, Hamlet feigns madness as a ploy to cover up his attempts to avenge his father’s death and to bring him closer to Claudius. One of the first things Hamlet does in his attempt to prove Claudius’ guilt is to have ‘The Mousetrap’ performed in court. ‘The Mousetrap recreates ... ...amned Dane, Drink off this potion. Is thy union here? Follow my mother.† Laertes dies, content that justice has been served and Hamlet himself dies soon after, his father’s death finally avenged. The obsession and need for revenge displayed by our two main characters eventually led them both to their downfall. Not only did it hurt themselves, but many others close to them. Ophelia’s death, for example could be blamed on Hamlet’s desire for revenge, whilst Hamlets death occurred as a result of Laertes quest to avenge his father’s death. Hopefully, it is easy to see why I believe that revenge is the core theme in Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Revenge shapes the entire plot of the play and could be blamed for corrupting Hamlet and Laertes, making them almost evil in their final intentions. Shakespeare highlights the moral implications of revenge, and how a person can be corrupted by their need for revenge. The age-old saying ‘An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth’ is outlined perfectly in Hamlet. You cannot receive a punch, return a punch and then all sit down together for a lovely dinner. The second that you retaliate, it starts a horrible chain that is almost impossible to break.

Reading Philosophies

Reading Philosophies Katy J. Kaldenberg Grand Canyon University: EED-470 Curriculum, Methods and Assessment: Literacy and Language Arts K-3 Monday, March 11, 2013 Reading Philosophies Chart Reading Philosophy| Brief Description| Reading Activities| Reading Assessments| Constructivist Reading Instruction| Constructivists view the student as an active participant in the learning process who constructs a personal meaning from each experience (Ying-Tien & Chin-Chung, 2005). One Constructivist reading activity for teaching a student a new word is that the student is taught to use picture cues to learn to read (Ying-Tien, & Chin-Chung, 2005). For example, if the student cannot read a word, he or she is taught to look at the picture then go back and to the word and guess the meaning. Another activity for constructivist reading instruction would be that the teacher would have students work in small groups to discuss a book that was read to the class. The small groups of students may then als o create their own story. Constructivist reading assessments would include the teacher collecting daily performance samples of work, observing and recording student’s behavior, audio and videotaping students in different situations, and building a portfolio filled with information about each student (Ying-Tien & Chin-Chung, 2005). The evaluation process is for the teacher, parent, and child. Conferences can also be held to discuss progress. | Explicit Reading Instruction| Explicit reading instruction is teacher directed (Goeke, 2009).The teacher uses explanation and demonstration to teach specific reading skills and strategies (Goeke, 2009). The teacher also provides corrective feedback to his or her students as the students attempt to apply the new knowledge (Goeke, 2009). | An example of explicit reading instruction would be that the teacher would state the sound and spelling of a specific letter-sound correspondence and then demonstrate by modeling how to read words that i nclude that feature to the class (Taylor, Peterson, Pearson, & Rodriguez, 2002).The students then would practice but only after the teacher has modeled the process first. A second example of explicit reading instruction would be to teach decoding to students that have deficits in word reading. A third example of explicit reading instruction would be having students use the mnemonic DISSECT (Discover the context, Isolate the prefix, Separate the suffix, Say the stem, Examine the stem, Check with someone, and Try the dictionary) to read unknown words (Adams & Engelmann, 1996). The teacher would teach each strategy step explicitly (Adams & Engelmann, 1996).An important part of explicit reading instruction is that the teacher always describes the strategy, provides the rationale for its use, and states how and when to implement a strategy explicitly to the students and the instruction is always implemented systematically (Adams & Engelmann, 1996). | Explicit reading assessments would in clude having student answer multiple-choice questions about selected text passage; decoding assessments can also be given (Taylor, Peterson, Pearson, & Rodriguez, 2002).One example of a decoding assessment would be that the student is given isolated words one at a time, and the student is asked to say the word aloud. The words selected for a decoding assessment should be words that are within the student’s spoken vocabulary, and should contain a mix of phonetically regular and phonetically irregular words (Goeke, 2009). Another type of assessment is that of standardized tests such as the Diagnostic Assessments of Reading (DAR) and the Florida Assessments for Instruction in Reading (FAIR). | Reading Philosophies Summary The educational realm is not free from disputes.Disputes on reading instructional practices have been ongoing for more than half a century. On one side of this debate is composed of those who believe that students learn best when they are able to discover and c onstruct the essential information for themselves. This type of instruction is often called student-centered or constructivist instruction (Confrey, 1990). On the opposite side of this debate are those who believe that students only thrive when full, explicit instruction is given and student should not have to discover essential content (Goeke, 2009).This type of instruction is often referred to as direct or explicit instruction (Goeke, 2009). When speaking about reading instruction, this debate has often been coined as the â€Å"reading wars†. Constructivist Reading Instruction is derived from the theory of constructivism. One could assume that constructivism is derived from Piaget’s own reference to his views as being a â€Å"constructivist† or possible from Bruner’s description of learning discovery as â€Å"constructionist† (Gruber & Voheche, 1977).Some other terms that have been used to reference a constructivist way of learning include genera tive learning, situated learning, authentic learning, and educational semiotic (Wittrock, 1985; Cunningham, 1992). Constructivists believe that all learning should be student centered. They think that knowledge is obtained only during a meaning-making search where the student is involved in the process of constructing their own interpretations of their experiences.Constructivist generally agree that students much construct their own learning, all new learning is dependent on the student’s existing understanding, social interaction plays a critical role in learning, and authentic learning tasks are necessary for learning to be meaningful (Bruning, Schraw, & Ronning, 1995; Pressley, Harris, & Marks, 1992). According to constructivists, in order for a student to construct new meaning he or she needs to make every effort to make sense of all new experiences and then must relate those to experiences to what is already known (Confrey, 1990).Constructivists also claim that a catalys t for acquiring knowledge is dialogue and social interaction facilitates understanding (Brown, 1994). Constructivist teachers aim to provide cooperative learning tasks and peer tutoring for their students. Constructivist teacher often believe that students learn faster when they are actively involved in dialog with their peers about significant problems (Brooks & Brooks, 1993). The constructivist classroom would be filled with students roaming about the classroom obtaining supplies, conferring with peers or the teacher, and working on self-directed projects (Brooks & Brooks, 1993).Constructivist teachers pride themselves in asking big questions, providing time for student to think and explore to find answers (Brooks & Brooks, 1993). In an actual classroom, there are many flaws involved in practicing constructivist instruction. The first major problem is that often only the brightest students make the discovery that is needed (Pace, 2011). Another issue is that many students become f rustrated. This frustration many cause some students to disengage and other students may simply copy whatever their peers are doing regardless in either case the students never actually discover anything (Pace, 2011).A third issue is that some students may believe they have made a discovery but in fact, they have only learned a misconception (Pace, 2011). These misconceptions can then interfere with future learning and problem solving (Pace, 2011). Studies have shown that once a student has believed one of these misconceptions that even after they have been show the correct answer they are still likely to recall the original discovery and not the correction (Pace, 2011). Along with the above four issues studies have shown that constructivist instruction can result in an increase in achievement gap (Pace, 2011).Decades of research has validated that explicit instruction is much more effective for reading instruction when compared to constructivist reading instruction. Kirschner, Swel ler, and Clark (2006) states, â€Å"After a half-century of advocacy associated with instruction using minimal guidance, it appears that there is no body of research supporting the technique. In so far as there is any evidence from controlled studies, it almost uniformly supports direct, strong instructional guidance rather than constructivist-based minimal guidance. Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006) also reports, â€Å"†¦ Not only is unguided instruction normally less effective; there is also evidence that it may have negative results when students acquire misconceptions or incomplete or disorganized knowledge. † Research has shown that when teaching new skills and content to students, providing explicit instructions accompanied with practice and feedback is more effective than requiring students to discover many aspects of what they are to learn (Hall, 2002). Explicit instruction is teacher directed.The teacher provides the students with a full explanation of the n ew skill or concept that the student is required to learn (Hall, 2002). The teacher also uses a variety of accommodations such as lecturing, modeling, videos and other media, and demonstration to provide the students with proper guidance (Hall, 2002). Students need to be explicitly shown what to do and how to do something first and then they need to be given the opportunity to practice doing it while they receive corrective feedback from the teacher (Hall, 2002). Extensive research supports explicit instruction’s success as an evidence-based practice.Adams and Engelmann (1996) found thirty-seven research publications validating the effectiveness of explicit instruction. These research publications all reported that explicit instruction had a significant outcome on reading instruction. Research also found explicit instruction to be as valuable for typical students, as for students with disabilities. The National Follow-Through Project studied multiple models of instruction to determine the most effective instructional models for students who were economically disadvantaged (Rosenshine, 1995; Taylor, Peterson, Pearson, & Rodriguez, 2002).The results concluded that children who received explicit instruction in literacy and mathematics scored above those taught with other approaches. An additional result was increased self-esteem due to success in school (Rosenshine, 1995; Taylor, Peterson, Pearson, & Rodriguez, 2002). The National Follow-Through Project belonged to a group of studies on teacher effectiveness, which determined that explicit instruction effectively taught students what they needed to learn (Rosenshine, 1995; Taylor, Peterson, Pearson, & Rodriguez, 2002).Baumann and Duffy (2001) reported on five years of research that showed that reading skills and strategies are most effectively taught with systematic and explicit instruction. In conclusion, explicit instruction is vital for initial instruction in skill acquisition (Goodman, Goodman, & Hood, 1989). This is especially the case for struggling readers, who often require intense support to acquire reading skills (Goodman, Goodman, & Hood, 1989). Beginning reading instruction should emphasize explicit instruction, particularly for phonics instruction (Goodman, Goodman, & Hood, 1989).Constructivist instruction is important when generalizing skills to other contexts (Goodman, Goodman, & Hood, 1989). It can also be used when children explore children’s literature. Story structure can be taught with constructivist instruction and may be more meaningful to children than teaching it explicitly (Goodman, Goodman, & Hood, 1989). The Whole Language Movement is built upon Constructivist principles (Goodman, Goodman, & Hood, 1989). References Adams, G. and Engelmann, S. (1996).Research on Direct Instruction: 25 years beyond DISTAR. Seattle, WA: Educational Achievement Systems. Brooks, J. G. & Brooks, M. G. (1994). In search of understanding: The case for constructivist classroo ms. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Brown, A. L. (1994). The advancement of learning. Educational Researcher 23: 4-12. Bruning, R. H. , Schraw, G. J. & Ronning, R. R (1995). Cognitive psychology and instruction, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Baumann, J. F. , & Duffy, A.M. (2001). Teacher-research methodology: Themes, variations, and possibilities. The Reading Teacher, 54, 608-615. Confrey, J. (1990). What constructivism implies for teaching. In R. B. Davis, C. A. Maher & N. Noddings (Eds. ), Constructivist views of the teaching and learning of mathematics (Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, Monograph No. 4, pp. 107-122). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Cunningham, D. J. (1992). Beyond educational psychology: Steps toward an educational semiotic.Educational Psychology Review 4: 165-194. Goeke J. L. (2009). Explicit instruction: Strategies for meaningful direct teaching. Boston: Merrill/Pearson . Goodman, K. , Goodman, Y. & Hood, W. (1989). The whole language evaluation book. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Hall, T. (2002). Explicit instruction. Wakefield, MA: National Center on Accessing the General Curriculum. Retrieved Wednesday, March 13, 2013 from http://aim. cast. org/learn/historyarchive/backgroundpapers/explicit_instruction. Kirschner, P. A. , Sweller, J. , & Clark, R. (2006).Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential and inquiry-based teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41, 75–86 Pace, D. (2011). Best practice: The use of explicit instruction and culturally responsive teaching. Insights on Learning Disabilities, 8(2), 5-14. Pressley, M. , Harris, K. R. , & Marks, M. B. (1992). But good strategy instructors are constructivists! Educational Psychology Review 4: 3-31. Rosenshine, B. (1995). Advances in research on instruction. Journal of Educational Research, 88, 262â⠂¬â€œ268.Stanovich, K. E. (1994). Constructivism in reading education. Journal of Special Education, 28(3), 259. Taylor, B. M. , Peterson, D. S. , Pearson, P. D. , & Rodriguez, M. C. (2002). Looking inside classrooms: Reflecting on the â€Å"how† as well as the â€Å"what† in effective reading instruction. The Reading Teacher, 56, 270–279. Wittrock, W. C. (1985). The generative learning model and its implications for science education. Studies in Science Education 12: 59-87. Ying-Tien, W. , & Chin-Chung, T. (2005). Effects of constructivist-oriented instruction on

Most Writers of Fiction Do Not Earn Enough Money to Live from Their Writing Essay

Here are some conditions under which a novelist could reasonably expect some government suport. In general terms, if the writer has already proved that he or she can write well, and if the stories produced are stimulating and interesting, then I consider that some financial help might be given. Language quality is difficult to define, but if the writing shows, for example, good grammar, a wide vocabulary, and elegance and imagination, then I can see a valid reason for assisting an author to spend some time free from money problems. Such a writing needs to be encouraged. the entertainment value of a book would be also a factor in deciding whether to provide assistance to an author. Further consideration would include social and educational values expressed in the author’s work. However, if the ideas were socially irresponsible, or if the stories contain unnecessary violence or pornography for its own sake, then I would not want to see the author sponsored to write stories which do not benefit society. Other exceptions are the many writers of good books who do not require financial help. Books which proved to be extremely popular, such as the Harry Potter stories, clearly need no subsidy at all because the authors have become rich through their writing. Views on what good quality writing means will vary widely, and so if any author is to be given money for writing, then the decision would have to be made by a committee or panel of judge. An individual opinion would certainly cause disagreement among the reading public.

Website Evaluation Report essays

Website Evaluation Report essays The objective of the Brisbane Media Map database is to provide valuable information and links to numerous media and media-related organisations that serve the Brisbane area, and includes useful links to other online media directories. Since the online Brisbane Media Map database is developed as a tool for potential users, it should stand to reason that it is developed with the needs and abilities of the user in mind. This is because sometimes the users needs can become lost in the complexity of the project, the ease of use is sacrificed to mere functionality and clarity of display is lost in the middle of programming features, such as flashing, frames, and clever graphics. I intend to evaluate whether or not the users needs, and particularly the needs of the user who maybe relatively new to the online world, appear to have been kept uppermost in the minds of those designing the layout and functionality of the course directory. Firstly, the Brisbane Media Map Database (BMM) is a well-structured, easily navigable website. When browsing it, it is obvious that throughout the BMM domain the database's look and formatting are consistent. Users are able to find requested pieces of information in the minimum number of clicks necessary and they can also take advantage of a detailed site map for easy orientation. The clarity of display works well for the database, but the picture title bar at the top of the screen is a problem as it is somewhat distracting resulting in it overshadowing the more important features. In addition, the menu on the left side of the screen serves the intended function of helping users understand where they are and what options are available but it could be improved by enlarging the font. I suggest that the menu either be replaced with a static menu at the top of the screen or that the changing menu is represented with a clearer graphic which would be more attractive to the users eye. ...

Hong Kongs Approach to Financial Stability Essay - 1

Hong Kongs Approach to Financial Stability - Essay Example The fact that during a crisis there is a limited amount of time to solve the crises situation makes it even more difficult. Most of the crises oppose as threats to major organization and thus if not properly dealt with results to serious consequences to the organization. It may be the downfall of the certain organization or company facing the crises. Most of the financial organization lack a crises manager whose main work is to foresee the unpredictable circumstances or events that pose as a threat to the organization. This makes it even more difficult to face the problems. Planning in detail for response to as many potential crises is crucial. Due to the financial constrains that most of the organization face it becomes very difficult to set a lot of funds aside to plan in response for a crisis? Establishing monitoring systems to foresee the threats in an organization is also very expensive. Training and the establishment of a crises management team is very crucial which little financial organization take for granted. It becomes very difficult for an untrained team to handle crises and in many cases; they will mismanage the crises (Chan et al, 102). Because of the recognition that financial crises are probably unavoidable; the authorities in Hong Kong have maintained a conservative approach to regulatory and supervisory policies. a number of policies have been carried out in the Hong Kong’s Approach to ensure that there is financial stability in avoidance of crises. If there were better warning signs and indictors, organization could have the ability of avoiding major crises such as the trans-Atlantic financial crises. Many warning indicators have been set in the many departments to alert organizations in case of any crises to result. Market intelligence is also an important strategy employed by the different organizational departments when dealing with crises. Cooperation between essential organizational departments has also

Ryle's criticisms of Cartesian Dualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ryle's criticisms of Cartesian Dualism - Essay Example This extends to existence as having two separate planes, a material existence and a mental existence, with the two planes diametrically opposed to each other and separated profoundly, having no link of causation between the two. In the physical world, people can communicate, but the mental conscious world is completely hidden from view and unknowable by others. To the question of what kind of knowledge can be obtained by the mind's workings, the Cartesian dualist perspective asserts that consciousness is able to get a good grasp of the present workings of one's mind, which cannot be shaken as unreal, in spite of inputs by Freud with regard to some unconscious, subconscious impulses that can also govern the conscious processes. The data is presented within the immediate time frame, available to the consciousness or mind. Together with this data are the fruits of one person’s going into himself, introspectively, to examine his mind's contents as a kind of self-observation. The o ther, meanwhile, is not privy and is completely shut out of this immediate consciousness experience. Even language is said to reflect this view of consciousness as something innate and to which the external actions in the environment register and make impressions. Ryle calls this whole infrastructure of thought the ghost in the machine dogmatic formulation. He contests this dogma on several grounds and objects to its validity. Ryle testifies that the whole ghost in the machine infrastructure or theory of mind is completely false (Ryle, 1949, pp. 11-16) â€Å"I shall often speak of it, with deliberate abusiveness, as ‘the dogma of the Ghost in the Machine’. I hope to prove that it is entirely false, and false not in detail but in principle. It is not merely an assemblage of particular mistakes. It is one big mistake and mistake of a special kind. It is, namely, a category mistake (Ryle, Descartes' myth, 1949, pp. 15-16, Paragraph #2) The core of the objection is with re gard to the Cartesian view of the dualism of mind and body as a category mistake and a myth of the philosopher, meaning that in essence those mental processes are miscategorized and made to fit a category to which they do not belong. Ryle gives the example of the University tour given to someone who after being shown the facilities asks where the university is as if the university was in the same category as the buildings and the grounds, rather than constituting the entire of it. He cites another example of a first-time cricket game watcher, who mistakes team spirit as being in the same category of the different players and the positions that they occupy, rather than being constituted by the cooperation and camaraderie of the players in the team. These are examples of category mistakes, to which the philosophers subscribing to the Cartesian dualist frame of mind likewise succumb to. In the examples, Ryle notes that the problem lay with the perceivers having difficulty in grasping t he nuances of language and the limitations of their vocabulary. It is the same with an ignorant man perceiving the constitution as something magical and ethereal, or the fictitious John Doe in the same magical and ghostly terms, because that ignorant man is unable to get away from using the categories of thought that he is familiar with when dealing with physical presences concerning the idea of the constitution and of John Doe. In

Importance of Business Contract Law and its Implementation Assignment

Importance of Business Contract Law and its Implementation - Assignment Example Various lawyers and accountants provide their services both as employees and independent contractors. Essentials of a Contract The first essential of a valid contract is a valid offer. An offer is a clear statement of terms on which a party is ready to do business. It becomes valid when it is free from any ambiguity, communicated to the offeree, and not a counter-offer. The next element is acceptance. The acceptance must be a mirror image of the offer, communicated to the offeror, must not be subject to a condition, and must not have any new terms. Otherwise, it becomes a counter-offer. Communication can be through speech, conduct, writing, or by any reasonable method. Otherwise, it is not valid and there is no contract. The third important element is a consideration. It has been defined as â€Å"a benefit to one party or a detriment to the other† in Currie v Misa2. It must not be passed, must move from the promisee, must be sufficient, must not be something the promise is leg ally bound to do and must be legal. The fourth element is the intention of the parties involved to be legally bound. If there is no such intention, there is no contract but a social agreement. When these four conditions are fulfilled, a valid contract is formed. Types of Contract A contract that is formed by just oral agreement and nothing is put into writing is called a verbal contract. For contracts, being in writing is not an essential part and they are still enforceable by law. A written contract is a contract put in writing. It is also enforceable by law. It is difficult to enforce a verbal contract as it becomes almost impossible to provide a proof upon which a decision can be based on. When a contract is in writing, it is easy to prove and enforce. Another type of contracts is made in deeds. A deed is a written instrument used to convey the title or interest in a real estate. Relating mostly to land law, deeds can be regarded as written agreements.  

Engineering ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Engineering ethics - Assignment Example The National Society of Professional Engineers that is based in the United States of America put forward guidelines to do with Professional Behavior and Standards of Ethics to be upheld by Engineers in 1946. These Rules involving Professional Conduct and Canons of Ethics that were supposed to be followed by Engineers evolved to the current Code of Ethics, implemented in 1964. These appeals eventually resulted to the formation of the Board of Ethical Review in 1954. Cases in engineering that involve ethics are very hard to solve due to the fact that they lack appropriate answers, but the 500 professional engineering consultants and advisors from the Board of Ethical Review have assisted in passing judgment on such cases and also shedding some light to the ethical matters engineers face in a day to day basis. Presently, subornation and administrative dishonesty is being dealt with by a number of professional organizations and commercial groups all over the world.  Nevertheless, different matters have come up, they include:  offshoring,  viable progress, and environmental conservation, that the engineering business is required to deliberate on and look into. When looking into engineering ethics one ethical predicament is the fact that an engineer is required to put forward the name of any engineer going against the engineering Code of Ethics to the proper authority. This is due to the fact that this engineer going against the engineering Code of Ethics or standards may pose a conceivable risk to civilians from a customer or business not adhering to the engineers instructions. Looking at the first ethical standards required by the engineering Code of Ethics, this responsibility supersedes the obligation to a customer and/or employer. An engineer could get into trouble by having their license annulled, even in the case that refusal to report that kind of a threat to the relevant authorities does not lead to any loss of human life or injuries. In most instances, this

International Business From Islamic Perspective

International Business From Islamic Perspective International Business has always played a vital role in the economic and social of all people through the ages. Muslim as a part of contemporary world, and cannot be exception from this rule. Their religion (Islam) not only permits them, but also encourages them to do business. The prophet Muhammad (pbub) (the Messenger of Islam) himself was a full-time business man for a considerable period of time. However, contemporary Muslim find themselves confronted with serious dilemmas, because they didnt follow their constitution, which are Quran and Sunna .This Qurans emphasis on justice in general and maintenance of straight balance in practical is evident from forceful and oft-repeated injunctions. This study will try to collect some brightness efforts from implementing Islamic rules and standers in international business. 1.2 The purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to recognize Islamic banking as the main contribution in international business and how this contribution adds significant solution to world banking problems 1.3 Methodology: In this project the methodology depends on several references such as books, articles in journals, websites, and magazines. .Chapter Two Literature review: 2.0 The Fundamental of an Islamic Business System The basic frame work for an Islamic business system is a set of rules and laws. Collectively referred to as shariah, governing economic, social, political, and culture aspects of Islamic societies. Shariah originates from the rules dictated by the Quran and its practices, and explanations from Sunnah by the prophet Muhammad. Further elaboration of the rules is provided by scholars in Islamic jurisprudence within the framework of the Quran and Sunnah. (Saeed, M . Ahmed, Zr . Mukhtar, S 2001) This framework clarifies the prohibition of interest. Prohibition of riba, a term of literally meaning an excess and interpreted as any unjustifiable increase of capital whether in loan or sales is the central tenet of the system. More precisely, any positive, fixed predetermined rate tied to the maturity and the amount of principle is considered riba and is prohibited. The general consensus among Islam scholars is that riba cover not only usury but also the changing of interest as widely practiced. This prohibited is based on argument as social justice, equity, and property right. Islam encourages the earning of profit but forbids the charging of interest because profits, determined ex post, symbolize successful entrepreneurship and creation of additional wealth where as interest, determined ex ante, is a cost that is accrued irrespective of the outcome of business operations and may not create wealth if there are business losses. Social justice demands that borrowers and the lender share rewards as well as losses in an equitable fashion and that the process of wealth accumulation and distribution in the economy be fair and representative of true productivity. Risk sharing. Because interest is prohibited, suppliers of funds become investors instead of creditors. The provider of financial capital and the entrepreneur share business risks in return for shares of the profits. Money as potential capital is treated as actual capital only when it joins hand with other resources to un dertake a productive activity. Islam recognizes the time value of money, but only when it acts as capital, not when it is potential capital. Prohibition of speculative behavior. An Islamic financial system discourages hoarding prohibits transactions featuring extreme uncertainties, gambling and risks. Sanctity of contracts. Islam upholds contractual obligation and the disclosure of information as a sacred duty. This feature is intended to reduce the risk of asymmetric information and moral hazard. Shariah-approved activities. Only those business activities that do not violate the rules of shariah qualify for investment. (Saeed, M . Ahmed, Zr . Mukhtar, S 2001) Some of the more popular instruments in Islamic business markets are trade with markup or cost-plus sale (murabaha). One of the most widely used instruments for short-term financing is passed on the traditional nation of purchase finance. The investor undertakes to supply specific goods or commodities, incorporating a mutually agreed contact for resale to the client and a mutually negotiated margin. Profit-sharing agreement (mudaraba). This is identical to an investment fund in which managers handle a pool of funds. The agent-manager has relatively limited liability while having sufficient incentives to perform. The capital is invested in broadly defined activities, and the terms of profit and risk sharing are customized for each investment. The maturity structure ranges from short to medium term and is more suitable for trade activities. 2.1 The Principle of Islamic banking: The principle of Islamic banking is based essentially on the premise that interest, which is strictly forbidden in Islam, is neither a necessary nor a desirable basis for the conduct of banking operation, and that Islamic teachings provide a better foundation for organizing the working of banks. Muslim economists have pointed out that it is a historical accident that interest has become the kingpin of modern banking. The practice of interest has been condemned by foremost thinkers in human history and by all biblical religions. Aristotle dwelt on the barren nature of money and vehemently condemned the institution of interest which describe as birth money from money. ( Abeng, T 1997) Under Judaism, Israelites were forbidden to demand any increase on the principle amount of the sum lent in transactions among themselves, though interest could be charged in dealing between Israelites and gentiles. The reason for his distinction, according to many scholars of Judaism, was that there was no law at that time among the gentiles which prohibited the practice of interest and it was no regarded as unfair that Jews be allowed to recover interest from people who charged interest from them. Among the followers of Islam, the institution of interest has always been regarded as highly ignoble because the Holy of Quran strictly forbidden interest based transaction in all form. In the early history of Islam the injunction relating to prohibition of interest was strictly observed, but with the decline of the hold of religion and spread of western influence, financial practices based on interest began to permeate Muslim societies as well. In the period of colonial domination of Musl im countries by western power, the interest based system became solidly entrenched. Muslim scholars argue which has led to the resent -day dominance of interest in financial transactions all over the globe.( Abeng, T 1997) Muslim scholars recognize the important role banks play in the economy of the country in the modern time. Banking institutions act as financial intermediaries between savers and investors. They can be of significant help in assisting the process of capital formation and development. 2.2 Non Muslim countries interesting with Islamic banking serve The achievements of Islamic banking through world crises encourage many non Islamic countries demand to apply this vision by institutionalized use of Islamic modes of deposit mobilization and financing, if not full flagged Islamic banking; in quit a few non Islamic countries. Thus Islamic financial institutes exist in so far a part as Australia, Denmark, India, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Philippine, South Africa, Thailand, United Kingdom and United State of America. Apart of these there are a number of nun -Islamic financial institution in non-Muslim countries which offer Islamic finances services for their Muslim clients. There is a good deal of controversy, however, about the financial services being offered by such institutions being in fully conformity with Shariah requirements. Chapter Three 3.0 The impact of Islamic Banking on economic system The culture of Islamic banking has magnificent affect in several dimensions of economic system, which are saving, investment, rate and percentage of growth. These elements have major rule for economic system stability. 3.0.0 Effects on saving and investment Islamic economy has pointed out that standard economic does not yield a definitive conclusion regarding the effect of increased uncertainty of rate of return on the quantum of saving. The actual out come would depend on a number of factors such as the form of utility function and its risk aversion, the degree to which future is discounted, whether or not increased risk is compensated by higher return, and the income and substitution effects of increased uncertainty. It has further been argued that the move to an Islamic interest free system, under cretin conditions, could lead to increase rates to return on saving. Consequently, the increased level of uncertainty that could result from adoption (Profit/loss sharing) (PLS) based system could be compensated unchanged or perhaps even leading to an increase in saving. Muslim economists expect PLS based banking to exercise favorable effect on the level of investment. Both the demand for investment PLS based banking. The demand for investment funds is likely to increase as a fixed coast of capital is no longer required to be met as a part of the firm profit calculations. The marginal product of capital can be taken up to the point where maximum profits are obtained without the constraint of meeting a fixed coast of capital. The supply of investment funds is likely to increase as PLS based banking is enable to undertake the financing of a large number of risky projects on account of an enhanced risky absorbing capacity. 3.0.1 The impact on Rate and Pattern of growth The expected favorable effect of PLS based banking on the level of investment world impart a pronounced growth orientation to the economy, the increased availability of risk capital under the Islamic system would promote technological innovation and experimentation which would be another favorable factor for growth. Islamic banks are also expected to influence the pattern of growth through appropriate selectivity in their financial operations to ensure that the process of growth is broad based and an optimal use for bank resources. 3.0.2 The impact on Allocative efficiency The financial system based on an Islamic frame work of profit sharing would be more efficient in allocating resources as compared to the conventional interest based system. This position is defended on the basic the general proposition that nay financial development that causes investment alternative to be compared to one another, strictly based on their productivity and rate of return, is bound to produce allocative environment, and such a proposition is the cornerstone of the Islamic financial system. Muslim economists do not deny that investment efficiency requires the use of discounting to take proper care of the time dimension of costs and benefits. They emphasize that non-existence of interest does not mean that discounting as a technique of computing the present value of future cash flows cannot be used in an interest free economy. It has father been pointed out that interest rate is not proper discount factor under conditions of uncertainty, the rate of return on equity is the proper discount rate. Science the real world is a world of uncertainty and since no real investment in any economy can be undertaken without facing risk, cash flow of such investment should be discount not by a riskless interest rate but by the true opportunity cost of venture capital. 3.0.3 Consequences for the Stability of the Banking System The literature of Islamic banking that switch over from interest based on PLS based banking would import greater stability to the banking system .there is no assurance on the assets side that all the loan and advances will be covered, shocks on the asset that all the loan and advances will be covered. Shocks on the assets side, therefore, load to a divergence between assets and liabilities, and the banking system can suffer a loss of confidence in the process, leading crises. In the PLS based system, the mineral value of investment deposited is not guaranteed and shocks to the assets position are promptly absorbed in the value of investment deposits. This minimizes the risk of bank failure and enhances the stability of the banking system. 3.0.4 Effects on the Stability of the Economic System The replacement of interest in the Islamic banking system is PLS, that eliminate the interest couple with other institutional feature of the Islamic economy , will tend to enhance stability , the interest in the financial bank depends on debt, which is the main reasons for instability in capital economy . Its easy to see, for example how the interest based system intensifies business reason. As soon as banks find that business concerns are beginning to incur losses, they reduce assistance and call back loans, as a result of which some firms have to close down. This increases unemployment resulting in further reduction in demand, and the infection spreads. Islamic bank on the other hand, are prepared to share in losses in which reduces the severity of business recession and enables the productivity enterprise to tide over difficult period without shutdown. Islamic banking has to be regarded as a promoter of stability rather than a conduit of instability. 3.1 The practice of Islamic banking The Islamic banking movement began on a modest scale in the early sixties. The earliest experiment in Islamic banking took place in the most cases on individual initiative with governments playing a more or less passive role. The later growth of the Islamic banking movement has been significantly helped by the encouragement provide by the government of a number of Muslim countries. The establishment of Islamic banks in banking legislation. It should be mentioned that changes in banking legislation effected in certain countries to facilitate the working of Islamic banks are not intended to confer any special advantages on these banks vis-Ã  -vis the conventional banks. The measures are in fact designed to remove some of the handicaps from which Islamic banks suffer in conducting their operations in an economy where interest based transaction dominate the scene. (Saidi,T.2008) Two different approaches are discernible in regard to the adoption of Islamic banking practices. In a number of countries Islamic banks have been started on private initiative. The governments of these countries have not committed themselves to the abolition of interest, and Islamic banks exist side by side with interest based banks. Pakistan and Iran are following a different approach aimed at economy wide elimination of interest. In Sudan, where Islamic banks co-existed with interest based banks for long time, the government has now opted for economy wide Islamization of banking. This section of the paper reviews the trends in the practice of Islamic banking in both the setting. It also takes note of activities of the Islamic Development bank, which is an international development financing institution working in shariah principles, the banking services by conventional banks in certain Muslim countries. 3.2 Individual entities for Islamic bank practices There are now fifty Islamic banking institution operating in different countries encompassing most of the Muslim world. Two major international holding companies, namely, the Dar al-Mal al-Islami Trust and AL-Baraka Group control a number of Islamic banks Most other have been established by associations of individual sponsors. In some banks there is also a certain amount of government participation in their capital Islamic banks conduct their banking operation under shariah principles. Almost all of them have Shariah Supervisory boards as part of their organizational structure. The function of Shariah Supervisory board is to ensure the compatibility of all the operations of Islamic banks with requirements of Shariah . (Saidi,T.2008) Islamic banks accept both demand deposits and saving and time deposits. Demand deposits are treated as Qard al Hasnah .The bank is given permission to use the deposit amount at its direction but with guarantee of returning the full principle amount on demand. Saving deposits are differentiated from demand deposits as they are subject to certain restriction with respect to the amount that can be withdrawn from such accounts at any one time and the periodicity of such withdrawals. Some Islamic banks accept saving deposit deposits on PLS basis while others do not pay any return on these deposits and guarantee the principle amount. Time deposits are accepted by Islamic banks PLS sharing biases and generally known as investment account. The investment deposits of Islamic banks can have different maturity periods. The return on investment deposit is specified as percentage of total profits in most case, but in most cases the percentage return varies with the length of the period for which the deposits are made. Apart from limited period deposits, some Islamic banks also accept unlimited period investment deposited. In this case, the period of deposit is not specified and the deposits are automatically renewed unless a notice of termination of deposits is given of a mutually agreed of a mutually agreed time interval. Some Islamic banks also have specific investment accounts in which deposits are made for investment in particular project. The return to depositors in these accounts depends on the outcome of these particular projects and the ratio of the profit sharing agreed between the bank and the depositors. Islamic banks operating in different countries are using a combination of the different financing techniques permissible in shariah . However , most of them lean heavily on Murabahah in their operations. This is for two main reasons. Their orientation mainly is towered short term financing of trade transaction for which Murabahah appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of PLS. Secondly, they are in competition with interest based banks and are therefore anxious to earn at least as much on their environment as will enable them to given return roughly comparable to prevailing interest rate to their investment account holders. This is easier to achieve by engaging in Murabahah transaction as the mark-up can be fixed in a manner which less assure the required return. On the other hand, considerable uncertainty attaches to earnings under a system of PLS sharing as the outcome depends on the operating of various business units which are subject to the usual business haz ards. Excepting the three countries where Islamization of the banking system has taken place on an economy wide basis, Islamic banks in other countries are at a considerable disadvantage in facing the competition with conventional banks as they cannot avail of the facilities of the money market which operates on the basic interest. This forces them to work with much higher liquidity ratios which have implications for their profitability. Islamic banks also face a number of problems in investing their funds internationally as they cannot take advantage of the facilities of the Eurocurrency market and the Eurobond market which offer ready investment outlets for conventional banks. Islamic banks have generally a good track record of profitability. Like conventional banks, Islamic banks also have had problems in the recovery of their due during periods of business recession or suffered loses in some investment which did no pay off but these have not grown to any crises. The Dar Al-Mal Al-Islami, which is a holding company for a large number of Islamic banks, did suffer operating losses in 1983 and 1984, and Kuwait finance House had a bad year in 1984 when neither the shareholders nor the depositors received a return on their capital. However, both these institution recovered from the set back in 1985 and showed good profits. There are course substantial differences in the performance and the profitability of individual institution within the Islamic banking community but this is not surprising because operating conditions and business environment differ widely from country to country. Chapter Four 4.0 Example of Islamic banking in Islamic countries We will spotlight on some Islamic countries like Iran, Pakistan and Sudan. To know their experiences with Islamic Banking. 4.0.0 Iran and Islamic banking A new law was enacted in Iran in August 1983 to replace interest based banking by interest free banking. The new required the banks to convert their deposits to an interest free basis within one year, and their operations within three years, from the date of the passage of the law, and specified the types of transactions that must constitute the basis fro asset and liability acquisition by banks. The law also specified the responsibilities of the central bank under the new system and the mechanics of its control over the banking system. (Roy, D 2010) The law allowed the banks to accept to types of deposits, Quard al Hasanah deposits and term investment deposits. The Quard al Hasanah deposits comprise of current as well as saving account which differ in their operational rules. The holders of current and saving accounts are guaranteed the safety of their principle amount and are not entailed to any contractual return. However , banks are permitted to provide incentive to depositors through Grant of prizes in cash or kind Reduction in or exemption from service charges or agents fees payable to banks. According priority in the use of banking facilities. Holders of term investment deposits are entitled to receive return, depending on the profitability of the project in which these funds are invested. The law allows the banks to undertake and repayment of the principle amount of terms of investment. The law provides various modes of operation upon which the financing transactions of kinds must be based. Banks are obliged to earmark a portion of their resources for grant of Quard al Hasanah to help achieve the socioeconomic objectives set out in the constitution of the country. Beside Quard al Hasanah , banks are authorized to extend financial assistance for predictive venture on PLS basis in accordance with the principle of Mudarabah and Musharakah . Banks are allowed to provide part of the capital of a new joint stock company and also to purchase share of the existing joint stock companies. Banks are authorized to provide working capital financing to productive unites by purchasing new materials, spare parts and other items on their request for sale to them on the basis of deferred payment in installment. Purchasing of machinery and equipment for sale to their clients on deferred payment basis is also allowed. Another mode is called Salaf which is used for meeting working capit al requirements through advance purchase of output. Banks can engage in lease-purchase transaction. In the new set up, the central bank of the country has been given wide authority to control and supervise the operations of the countrys banks. While it continues to have many of the erstwhile credit control weapons which do not involve Riba, it has been endowed with new instrument of control to regulate the interest free operations of the banks. These include power to determine Minimum and maximum expected rates of return from various facilities to the banks. Minimum and maximum profit shares for banks in their Mudarabah and Musharakah activities. Maximum rates of commission the banks can charge for investment accounts for which they serve as trustees. Studies on Islamic banking experience of Iran have pointed out that no attempt has been made so far to Islamize the international banking and financial operations. Government continues to borrow from banks on the based of fixed rate of return. It has also been pointed out that some practices in Iran are not variance with the practice of Islamic banking in other countries. 4.0.1 Sudan and Islamic banking The aim of this economy wide Islamize of the banking system in Sudan has not been smooth and steady. The first attempt to Islamize the entire banking system was made 1984 when a presidential decree was issued directing all commercial banks to stop interest based dealing with immediate effect and to negotiate the conversion of their then existing interest bearing deposits and advances into Islamically acceptable form. Foreign transactions were allowed to be continued on the basis of interest for the time being. It is reported that this sudden change forced the banks to adopt the nearest Islamic alternative available that is Murabahah which soon constituted 90 percent of their financial operations. Its also reported Islamic system only formally in their ledger books and in the reports submitted to the central bank of the country. Policy makers in the central bank were also discontented with the procedure of transforming the banking system. They considered it as a mere political decisio n imposed by the government without being preceded is adequate detailed study. This experiment which economy wide Islamization of banking system came to end in 198 with the charge in government. The government which is presently in power had decided on the economy wide Islamization of the banking system once again, and newspaper reported indicate that the effort is much more earnest and much better organized this time. (Roy, D 2010) 4.0.2 Pakistan and Islamic banking The process of economy wide Islamization of the banking system in Pakistan was initiated soon after declaration by the president of Pakistan in 1979 that government planning to remove interest from the economy within period of three years and that a decision had been taken to make a beginning in this direction with the elimination of the interest from the operation from House Building Finance corporation, National Investment Trust and mutual funds of he investment corporation of Pakistan. Within a few months of this announcement, these specialized finical institutions took the necessary steps to reorientation their activities on a non interest basis was a much more complex task and took a longer time span. To begin with, step were taken in 1981 to set up separate counters for accepting deposits on PLS basis in all the domestic braches of the five nationalized commercial banks. The parallel system, in which savers had the option to keep their money in the bank either in the interestin g bearing deposits or PLS deposits, continued to operate till the end of 1985. As the first 1985, no banking company is allowed to accept any interest bearing deposits except foreign currency deposits which continue to earn interest. As loss of that banking company accepted deposits in current account on which no interest or profit is given and whose capital sum is guaranteed. The central bank of the country has issued instructions specifying twelve modes of financing in which funds mobilized by the banks can be employed. These are broadly classified into three groups: loan financing Trade related mode of financing Investment mode of financing. Loan financing takes the form either Qard Al-Hasan given on compassionate grounds free of any interest or service charge or of loan with a service charge not exceeding the proportionate cost of the operation. (Roy, D 2010) Trade related modes of financing include: Purchase of goods by banks and their sale to clients. Purchase of trade bills. Purchase of movable or immovable property. Leasing. Hire-purchase. Financing for development of property on the basis of a development charge. Investment modes of financing include: Equity participation and purchase of shares Purchase of participation term certification. Rent sharing The central bank of the county ahs been authorized to fix the minimum annual rate of profit which banks should keep in view while considering proposals for provision of financing, and maximum rate of profit they may earn, theses rate may be changed from time to time. It has also been laid down that should lose occur, they must be shared by all the financiers in proportion to the respective finances provided by them. To safeguard the banks against delays and defaults in repayment by parties obtaining finance from them, a new law called the Banking Tribunals ordinance was promulgated in 1984. The tribunals set up under the radiance are required to dispose of all cases within the ninety days of filing the complaint. Appeals can be filled in the high court within thirty days but the decrial amount has to be deposited with high court appeal. 4.0.3 Islamic Development Bank The Islamic Development Bank, established in 1975, is an international financial institution whose purpose is to foster the economic development and social progress of member countries and Muslim communities individually as well as jointly in accordance with principles of Shariah. It has 47 members and a subscribe capital of 2028.74 million Islamic dinar. The functions of the bank are to participate in the equity capital and grant loans for productive project in member countries and to provide financial assistance in other form for economic and social development. The bank is also required to establish and operate special funds for specific purpose including fund for Muslim communities in non-member countries. The bank authorized to accept deposit and to raise fund in any manner. It is also charged with the responsibility of assisting in the promotion of foreign trade, especially in capital goods, among member countries, providing technical assistance to member countries, extending training facilities for personal engaged in development activities and undertaking research for enabling the economic, financial and banking activities in Muslim counties to conform to the Shariah . (Roy, D 2010) The cumulative financing approved by the bank since its inception till the end of 1991-1992 amounted to 9389.13 million Islamic dinar. Foreign trade financing, based on Murabahah, has accounted for the bulk of the total resources providing by the bank to its members. It accounted for 72.5 present of total financing. Loans provided on the basis of a service charge accounted for 8.2 percent while leasing and installment sales accounted for 5.3 percent and 6.3 percent of total financing respectively. Equity participation accounted for 2.2 percent of total financing while the assistance provide through profit sharing accounted for2.0 percent of total financing. Equity participation and profit sharing are regarded as the chief distinguishing features of Islamic financing and banking. It is disappointed to note that, they have so far played very financing operations of Islamic development bank. The over-anxiety of the bank in it initial years to expand the network of equity financing to cover as many of its member countries as possible, lack of sufficient professional expertise in the bank to undertake an adequate appraisal of the project and to pursue the task of vigorous follow up of it equity investment, delay in the implementation of the projects financed by the bank, marketing difficulties and currency devaluation have been cited as the main factors responsible for this situation 4.1 Analysis the role of commercial banks in increase debts Commercial banks is the banks that depends on interest to increase there profits. To achieve his object, they do maximum to attract clients to register in these facilitates, that have different shapes. By the affect of advertising, many people try to achieve their goals by magic solution which is loan. Also there is another promotion from these banks to attract customers which a